Acadience Reading K-6 (aka DIBELS Next)
Oral Reading Fluency Words Correct
Summary
Acadience Reading Oral Reading Fluency (previously published under the DIBELS Next® mark as DIBELS Next® Oral Reading Fluency; DORF ) is a measure of advanced phonics and work attack skills, as well as a measure of passage reading fluency. Oral Reading Fluency is the ability to read words accurately, effortlessly, and with appropriate phrasing. This ability is strongly correlated to reading comprehension. Acadience Oral Reading Fluency has three component scores: Words Correct, Accuracy, and Retell. The current protocol refers specifically to the Words Correct score. Oral Reading Fluency is just one measure that is part of a broader reading assessment known as Acadience Reading K-6.
- Where to Obtain:
- Developer: Acadience Learning Inc., Publisher: Voyager Sopris Learning
- info@acadiencelearning.org; customerservice@voyagersopris.com
- Acadience Learning Inc. 859 Willamette Street, Suite 320, Eugene, OR 97401; Voyager Sopris Learning 17855 Dallas Parkway, Suite 400 Dallas, TX 75287
- Acadience Learning: (541)431-6931, (888)943-1240; Voyager Sopris Learning: (800)547-6747
- https://acadiencelearning.org/; https://www.voyagersopris.com/
- Initial Cost:
- Free
- Replacement Cost:
- Free
- Included in Cost:
- Additional info on where the tool can be obtained: Acadience Learning Inc. (Free download version in black and white, mobile device version) Website: http://acadiencelearning.org Address: 859 Willamette Street, Suite 320, Eugene, OR 97410 Phone number: 541-431-6931 or toll free 888-943-1240 Email address: info@acadiencelearning.org Download version black and white = $0 per student, per year Acadience Learning Online for K-6 = $9.95 per student, per year (Current pricing as of September, 2020; volume discounts available) Voyager Sopris Learning (Published print version in color) Website: http://voyagersopris.com Address: 17855 Dallas Parkway, Suite 400, Dallas, TX 75287-6816 Telephone number: (800) 547-6747. Classroom Kits for K-1 = $112.95, $4.52 per student (this would include RAN) Classroom Kits for 2-6 = $114.95, $4.60 per student (this would include Survey) Replacement materials (25pk scoring booklets) for K-6 = $45.95, $1.84 per student Acadience Data Management for K-6 = $1.50 per student, per year ADDITIONAL INFO: See cost information noted above and in the footnotes, as well as costs related to training in Section B, Item 5. If using the mobile device version from Acadience Learning Inc., internet access and a compatible device are required.
- Acadience Reading is appropriate for most students for whom an instructional goal is to learn to read in English. For English language learners who are learning to read in English, Acadience Reading is appropriate for assessing and monitoring progress in acquisition of early reading skills. For all Acadience Reading measures (including Oral Reading Fluency), students are never penalized for articulation or dialect differences that are part of their typical speech. In addition, Acadience Reading measures include discontinue rules to prevent student frustration (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual), as well as a set of approved accommodations that assessors may use when appropriate (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual). There are a few groups of students for whom Acadience Reading is not appropriate: (a) students who are learning to read in a language other than English; (b) students who are deaf; (c) students who have fluency-based speech disabilities such as stuttering (if the stuttering affects the student's response fluency within a one-minute timed assessment) and oral apraxia; and (d) students with severe disabilities for whom learning to read connected text is not an IEP goal. Assessment accommodations are used for those students for whom the standard administration conditions would not produce accurate results. Approved accommodations are those accommodations which are unlikely to change how the assessment functions. When approved accommodations are used, the scores can be reported and interpreted as official Acadience Reading scores (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual for a list of approved accommodations). Approved accommodations should be used only for students for whom the accommodations are necessary to provide an accurate assessment of student skills. Unapproved accommodations are accommodations that are likely to change how the assessment functions (such as modifying the timing rules). Scores from measures administered with unapproved accommodations should not be treated or reported as official Acadience Reading scores and cannot be compared to other Acadience Reading scores or benchmark goals but can be used to measure individual growth for a student. An unapproved accommodation may be used when (a) a student cannot be tested accurately using the standardized rules or approved accommodations, but the school would still like to measure progress for that student; or (b) a student’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP) requires testing with an unapproved accommodation. For more information about accommodations, see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual.
- Training Requirements:
- 1-4 hrs
- Qualified Administrators:
- Administrator must have adequate training on the administration and scoring of the assessments.
- Access to Technical Support:
- Acadience Learning provides customer support for all Acadience Reading assessments, as well as support for the data management and reporting system, Acadience Data Management. Staff are available by phone and email on weekdays from 7am to 5pm Pacific Time, for no additional cost. The majority of customer support requests are resolved in less than one business day.
- Assessment Format:
-
- Scoring Time:
-
- Scoring is automatic OR
- 1 minutes per student
- Scores Generated:
-
- Raw score
- Percentile score
- Developmental benchmarks
- Developmental cut points
- Administration Time:
-
- 1 minutes per passage
- Scoring Method:
-
- Manually (by hand)
- Automatically (computer-scored)
- Technology Requirements:
-
- Accommodations:
- Acadience Reading is appropriate for most students for whom an instructional goal is to learn to read in English. For English language learners who are learning to read in English, Acadience Reading is appropriate for assessing and monitoring progress in acquisition of early reading skills. For all Acadience Reading measures (including Oral Reading Fluency), students are never penalized for articulation or dialect differences that are part of their typical speech. In addition, Acadience Reading measures include discontinue rules to prevent student frustration (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual), as well as a set of approved accommodations that assessors may use when appropriate (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual). There are a few groups of students for whom Acadience Reading is not appropriate: (a) students who are learning to read in a language other than English; (b) students who are deaf; (c) students who have fluency-based speech disabilities such as stuttering (if the stuttering affects the student's response fluency within a one-minute timed assessment) and oral apraxia; and (d) students with severe disabilities for whom learning to read connected text is not an IEP goal. Assessment accommodations are used for those students for whom the standard administration conditions would not produce accurate results. Approved accommodations are those accommodations which are unlikely to change how the assessment functions. When approved accommodations are used, the scores can be reported and interpreted as official Acadience Reading scores (see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual for a list of approved accommodations). Approved accommodations should be used only for students for whom the accommodations are necessary to provide an accurate assessment of student skills. Unapproved accommodations are accommodations that are likely to change how the assessment functions (such as modifying the timing rules). Scores from measures administered with unapproved accommodations should not be treated or reported as official Acadience Reading scores and cannot be compared to other Acadience Reading scores or benchmark goals but can be used to measure individual growth for a student. An unapproved accommodation may be used when (a) a student cannot be tested accurately using the standardized rules or approved accommodations, but the school would still like to measure progress for that student; or (b) a student’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP) requires testing with an unapproved accommodation. For more information about accommodations, see the Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual.
Descriptive Information
- Please provide a description of your tool:
- Acadience Reading Oral Reading Fluency (previously published under the DIBELS Next® mark as DIBELS Next® Oral Reading Fluency; DORF ) is a measure of advanced phonics and work attack skills, as well as a measure of passage reading fluency. Oral Reading Fluency is the ability to read words accurately, effortlessly, and with appropriate phrasing. This ability is strongly correlated to reading comprehension. Acadience Oral Reading Fluency has three component scores: Words Correct, Accuracy, and Retell. The current protocol refers specifically to the Words Correct score. Oral Reading Fluency is just one measure that is part of a broader reading assessment known as Acadience Reading K-6.
ACADEMIC ONLY: What skills does the tool screen?
- Please describe specific domain, skills or subtests:
- BEHAVIOR ONLY: Which category of behaviors does your tool target?
-
- BEHAVIOR ONLY: Please identify which broad domain(s)/construct(s) are measured by your tool and define each sub-domain or sub-construct.
Acquisition and Cost Information
Administration
- Are norms available?
- Yes
- Are benchmarks available?
- Yes
- If yes, how many benchmarks per year?
- Three
- If yes, for which months are benchmarks available?
- Beginning of year (months 1 - 3 of school year), middle of year (months 4 - 6 of the school year), and end of year (months 7 - 9 of the school year).
- BEHAVIOR ONLY: Can students be rated concurrently by one administrator?
- If yes, how many students can be rated concurrently?
Training & Scoring
Training
- Is training for the administrator required?
- Yes
- Describe the time required for administrator training, if applicable:
- 1-4 hrs
- Please describe the minimum qualifications an administrator must possess.
- Administrator must have adequate training on the administration and scoring of the assessments.
-
No minimum qualifications
- Are training manuals and materials available?
- Yes
- Are training manuals/materials field-tested?
- Yes
- Are training manuals/materials included in cost of tools?
- No
- If No, please describe training costs:
- The Acadience Reading K-6 Assessment Manual is available for free download along with the test materials. In addition, Acadience Learning and Voyager Sopris Learning offer a variety of training options to meet different needs and at different price points. Training options include pre-recorded online training, live online webinars, onsite training (hiring a trainer to come out to the school or district), and Acadience Learning conducts a Super Institute, which takes place each summer. Acadience Learning or Voyager Sopris Learning staff can work with schools, LEAs, regional agencies, and SEAs to develop customized training plans to meet their unique needs. We also have an Acadience Reading Mentor program, where a single attendee or small group of attendees can become Acadience Reading Mentors and receive access to our official training materials, which they can use to train others in their school or district. For an individual teacher subscription to the online Acadience Reading Essential Workshop, the cost is $129. Please note: Other training options may cost more or less depending on the circumstances and the number of attendees.
- Can users obtain ongoing professional and technical support?
- Yes
- If Yes, please describe how users can obtain support:
- Acadience Learning provides customer support for all Acadience Reading assessments, as well as support for the data management and reporting system, Acadience Data Management. Staff are available by phone and email on weekdays from 7am to 5pm Pacific Time, for no additional cost. The majority of customer support requests are resolved in less than one business day.
Scoring
- Do you provide basis for calculating performance level scores?
-
Yes
- Does your tool include decision rules?
-
Yes
- If yes, please describe.
- The fundamental logic for developing the Acadience Reading benchmark goals and cut points for risk was to begin with an external outcome goal and work backward in a step-by-step system. Student skills at or above benchmark at the beginning of the year put odds in favor of the student achieving the middle-of- year benchmark goal. In turn, students with skills at or above benchmark in the middle of the year have odds in favor of achieving the end-of-year benchmark goal. We first obtained an external criterion measure (the GRADE Total Test Raw Score) at the end of the year with a level of performance that would represent adequate reading skills. The scores at the 40th and 20th percentiles on the GRADE compared to the GRADE normative sample were used as an approximation for adequate reading skills, and a cut point for risk, respectively. Next, we specified the benchmark goal and cut point for risk on the end-of- year Acadience Reading Composite with respect to the end-of-year external criterion. Then, using the Acadience Reading Composite end-of-year goal as an internal criterion, we established the benchmark goals and cut points for risk on the middle-of-year Acadience Reading Composite. Finally, we established the benchmark goals and cut points for risk on the beginning-of-year Acadience Reading Composite using the middle-of-year Acadience Reading Composite as an internal criterion. The primary design specification for benchmark goals was to establish a level of skill where students scoring at or above benchmark have favorable odds (80%-90%) of achieving subsequent reading outcomes. The primary specification for a cut point for risk is a level of skill where students scoring below that level have low odds (10%-20%) of achieving subsequent reading outcomes. A secondary specification was based on an examination of marginal percents. We aimed to keep the marginal percent of students in each score level consistent from predictor to criterion. Another consideration was based on logistic regression predicting the odds of scoring at or above benchmark on the criterion based on the score on the predictor. We aimed to keep the predicted odds for students obtaining the exact benchmark goal at 60% or higher of achieving subsequent goals, and the predicted odds of achieving subsequent goals at 40% or less for students obtaining the exact score corresponding to the cut point for risk. Additional issues considered include the pattern of student performance in the scatterplot, the ROC curve analysis to evaluate the AUC, sensitivity and specificity, and the overall pattern of benchmark goals and cut points for risk across grades. The same standard setting methodology used for the Acadience Reading Composite was also used for each individual Acadience Reading component measure. Details are provided in the following documents available for download from our website : • Acadience Reading K-6 Benchmark Goals and Composite Score • Acadience Reading K-6 Technical Manual
- Can you provide evidence in support of multiple decision rules?
-
Yes
- If yes, please describe.
- Research evidence supporting the use of Acadience Reading measures for benchmark assessment three times per year is found in the following documents: • Acadience Reading K-6 Technical Manual • Acadience Reading K-6 Technical Adequacy Brief • Using Curriculum-Based Measures to Predict Reading Test Scores on the Michigan Educational Assessment Program (Technical Report) • DIBELS Next and the SBAC ELA (Contemporary School Psych 2018) • Using DIBELS Next to Predict Performance on Statewide ELA Assessments: A Tale of Two Tests (NASP 2018)
- Please describe the scoring structure. Provide relevant details such as the scoring format, the number of items overall, the number of items per subscale, what the cluster/composite score comprises, and how raw scores are calculated.
- With Oral Reading Fluency, students are given an unfamiliar, grade-level passage of text and asked to read for 1 minute. Errors such as substitutions, omissions, and hesitations for more than 3 seconds are marked while listening to the student read aloud. For benchmark assessment, students are asked to read three different grade-level passages for 1 minute each. The score is the median number of words read correctly and the median number of errors across the three passages. Using the median score from three passages gives the best indicator of student performance over a range of different text and content. The measure can be used middle of first grade through end of sixth grade.
- Describe the tool’s approach to screening, samples (if applicable), and/or test format, including steps taken to ensure that it is appropriate for use with culturally and linguistically diverse populations and students with disabilities.
- The Acadience Reading measures were developed to provide teachers with information they need to make decisions about instruction. The authors advocate a data-based decision-making model referred to as the Outcomes-Driven Model, because the data are used to make decisions to improve student outcomes by matching the amount and type of instructional support with the needs of the individual students. These steps of the model repeat each trimester (i.e., beginning of year, middle of year, and end of year) as a student progresses through the grades. At the beginning of the trimester, the first step is to identify students who may need additional support. At the end of the trimester, the final step is to review outcomes, which also facilitates identifying students who need additional support for the next trimester. In this manner, educators can ensure that students who are on track to become proficient readers continue to make adequate progress, and that those students who are not on track receive the support they need to become proficient readers. Step 1: Identify need for support early. This process occurs during benchmark assessment, and is also referred to as universal screening. The purpose is to identify those students who may need additional instructional support to achieve benchmark goals. The benchmark assessment also provides information regarding the performance of all students in the school with respect to benchmark goals. All students within a school or grade are tested three times per year on grade-level material. The testing occurs at the beginning, middle, and end of the school year. Step 2: Validate need for support. The purpose of this step is to be reasonably confident that the student needs or does not need additional instructional support. Before making individual student decisions, it is important to consider additional information beyond the initial data obtained during benchmark testing. Teachers can always use additional assessment information and knowledge about a student to validate a score before making decisions about instructional support. If there is a discrepancy in the student’s performance relative to other information available about the student, or if there is a question about the accuracy of a score, the score can be validated by retesting the student using alternate forms of the Acadience Reading measures or additional diagnostic assessments as necessary. Step 3: Plan and implement support. In general, for students who are meeting the benchmark goals, a good, research-based core classroom curriculum should meet their instructional needs, and they will continue to receive benchmark assessment three times per year to ensure they remain on track. Students who are identified as needing support are likely to require additional instruction or intervention in the skill areas where they are having difficulties. Step 4: Evaluate and modify support as needed. Students who are receiving additional support should be progress monitored more frequently to ensure that the instructional support being provided is helping them get back on track. Students should be monitored on the measures that test the skill areas where they are having difficulties and receiving additional instructional support. Monitoring may occur once per month, once every two weeks, or as often as once per week. In general, students who need the most intensive instruction are progress monitored most frequently. Step 5: Review outcomes. By looking at the benchmark assessment data for all students, schools can ensure that their instructional supports—both core curriculum and additional interventions—are working for all students. If a school identifies areas of instructional support that are not working as desired, the school can use the data to help make decisions on how to improve. The use of Acadience Reading measures within the Outcomes-Driven Model is consistent with the most recent reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), which allows the use of a Response to Intervention (RtI) approach to identify children with learning disabilities. In an RtI approach to identification, early intervention is provided to students who are at risk for the development of learning difficulties. Data are gathered to determine which students are responsive to the intervention provided and which students need more intensive support (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2006). The Outcomes-Driven Model is based on foundational work with a problem-solving model (see Deno, 1989; Shinn, 1995; Tilly, 2008) and the initial application of the problem-solving model to early literacy skills (Kaminski & Good, 1998). The general questions addressed by a problem-solving model include: What is the problem? Why is it happening? What should be done about it? Did it work? (Tilly, 2008). The Outcomes-Driven Model was developed to address these questions, but within a prevention-oriented framework designed to preempt early reading difficulty and ensure step-by-step progress toward outcomes that will result in established, adequate reading achievement.
Technical Standards
Classification Accuracy & Cross-Validation Summary
| Grade |
Grade 3
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Grade 4
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Grade 5
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Grade 6
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| Classification Accuracy Fall |
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| Classification Accuracy Winter |
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| Classification Accuracy Spring |
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Legend
Convincing evidencePartially convincing evidence
Unconvincing evidence
Data unavailabledDisaggregated data available
Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE)
Classification Accuracy
- Describe the criterion (outcome) measure(s) including the degree to which it/they is/are independent from the screening measure.
- The Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) is an untimed, group-administered, norm-referenced reading achievement test appropriate for children in preschool through grade 12. The GRADE is comprised of 16 subtests within five components. Not all 16 subtests are used at each testing level. Various subtest scores are combined to form the Total Test composite score. The GRADE Total Test score is comprised of scores across subtests of the GRADE that vary by grade level. In kindergarten, the GRADE Total Test score is comprised of measures that assess phonics and phonemic and phonological awareness. In first and second grade, GRADE Total Test includes word meaning, passage (or sentence) reading, and comprehension measures. In third grade, GRADE Total Test is comprised of measures assessing word reading, vocabulary, and comprehension. In fourth, fifth, and sixth grade, GRADE Total Test includes scores from measures of vocabulary and comprehension. Each of the criterion measures were administered at the end of the academic year (April through June). This means that the fall and winter administration of Acadience Reading were separated from the criterion measure by at least three months. Furthermore, the GRADE, and CST criterion measures are distinct from Acadience Reading. Each of these criterion measures were developed separately, based upon different samples of students, and are published by organizations separate from Acadience Reading.
- Describe when screening and criterion measures were administered and provide a justification for why the method(s) you chose (concurrent and/or predictive) is/are appropriate for your tool.
- Describe how the classification analyses were performed and cut-points determined. Describe how the cut points align with students at-risk. Please indicate which groups were contrasted in your analyses (e.g., low risk students versus high risk students, low risk students versus moderate risk students).
- Classification analyses were performed by performing a logistic regression predicting the classification on the criterion from the Acadience Reading Composite Score. The target outcome (or “positive”) that was chosen was whether the student was classified as having intensive need. This logistic regression model was then used to calculate the classification statistics that are reported. The 20th percentile on the Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) was chosen as a means of identifying those students who are most in need of intensive evaluation.
- Were the children in the study/studies involved in an intervention in addition to typical classroom instruction between the screening measure and outcome assessment?
-
No
- If yes, please describe the intervention, what children received the intervention, and how they were chosen.
Cross-Validation
- Has a cross-validation study been conducted?
-
No
- If yes,
- Describe the criterion (outcome) measure(s) including the degree to which it/they is/are independent from the screening measure.
- Describe when screening and criterion measures were administered and provide a justification for why the method(s) you chose (concurrent and/or predictive) is/are appropriate for your tool.
- Describe how the cross-validation analyses were performed and cut-points determined. Describe how the cut points align with students at-risk. Please indicate which groups were contrasted in your analyses (e.g., low risk students versus high risk students, low risk students versus moderate risk students).
- Were the children in the study/studies involved in an intervention in addition to typical classroom instruction between the screening measure and outcome assessment?
- If yes, please describe the intervention, what children received the intervention, and how they were chosen.
Classification Accuracy - Fall
| Evidence | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion measure | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) |
| Cut Points - Percentile rank on criterion measure | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Cut Points - Performance score on criterion measure | 78 | 41 | 39 | 53 |
| Cut Points - Corresponding performance score (numeric) on screener measure | 55 | 70 | 96 | 90 |
| Classification Data - True Positive (a) | 18 | 23 | 20 | 9 |
| Classification Data - False Positive (b) | 21 | 4 | 20 | 3 |
| Classification Data - False Negative (c) | 10 | 13 | 9 | 12 |
| Classification Data - True Negative (d) | 135 | 143 | 145 | 78 |
| Area Under the Curve (AUC) | 0.88 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.90 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Lower Bound | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.83 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Upper Bound | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.97 |
| Statistics | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Rate | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.21 |
| Overall Classification Rate | 0.83 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
| Sensitivity | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.43 |
| Specificity | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.88 | 0.96 |
| False Positive Rate | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.04 |
| False Negative Rate | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.31 | 0.57 |
| Positive Predictive Power | 0.46 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 0.75 |
| Negative Predictive Power | 0.93 | 0.92 | 0.94 | 0.87 |
| Sample | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | ||||
| Sample Size | 184 | 183 | 194 | 102 |
| Geographic Representation | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) |
| Male | ||||
| Female | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Gender Unknown | ||||
| White, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Hispanic | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Race / Ethnicity Unknown | ||||
| Low SES | ||||
| IEP or diagnosed disability | ||||
| English Language Learner |
Classification Accuracy - Winter
| Evidence | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion measure | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) |
| Cut Points - Percentile rank on criterion measure | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Cut Points - Performance score on criterion measure | 78 | 41 | 39 | 53 |
| Cut Points - Corresponding performance score (numeric) on screener measure | 68 | 79 | 101 | 92 |
| Classification Data - True Positive (a) | 21 | 25 | 15 | 15 |
| Classification Data - False Positive (b) | 19 | 5 | 5 | 1 |
| Classification Data - False Negative (c) | 7 | 12 | 25 | 4 |
| Classification Data - True Negative (d) | 140 | 144 | 150 | 81 |
| Area Under the Curve (AUC) | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Lower Bound | 0.83 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 0.78 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Upper Bound | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.93 | 0.96 |
| Statistics | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Rate | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
| Overall Classification Rate | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.85 | 0.95 |
| Sensitivity | 0.75 | 0.68 | 0.38 | 0.79 |
| Specificity | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.99 |
| False Positive Rate | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| False Negative Rate | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.63 | 0.21 |
| Positive Predictive Power | 0.53 | 0.83 | 0.75 | 0.94 |
| Negative Predictive Power | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 0.95 |
| Sample | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | ||||
| Sample Size | 187 | 186 | 195 | 101 |
| Geographic Representation | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) |
| Male | ||||
| Female | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Gender Unknown | ||||
| White, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Hispanic | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Race / Ethnicity Unknown | ||||
| Low SES | ||||
| IEP or diagnosed disability | ||||
| English Language Learner |
Classification Accuracy - Spring
| Evidence | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Criterion measure | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) | Group Reading Assessment and Diagnostic Evaluation (GRADE) |
| Cut Points - Percentile rank on criterion measure | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Cut Points - Performance score on criterion measure | 78 | 41 | 39 | 53 |
| Cut Points - Corresponding performance score (numeric) on screener measure | 80 | 95 | 105 | 95 |
| Classification Data - True Positive (a) | 17 | 23 | 19 | 14 |
| Classification Data - False Positive (b) | 23 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Classification Data - False Negative (c) | 8 | 14 | 21 | 7 |
| Classification Data - True Negative (d) | 139 | 144 | 149 | 77 |
| Area Under the Curve (AUC) | 0.86 | 0.94 | 0.88 | 0.91 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Lower Bound | 0.79 | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.84 |
| AUC Estimate’s 95% Confidence Interval: Upper Bound | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.97 |
| Statistics | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Base Rate | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.20 |
| Overall Classification Rate | 0.83 | 0.90 | 0.87 | 0.88 |
| Sensitivity | 0.68 | 0.62 | 0.48 | 0.67 |
| Specificity | 0.86 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.94 |
| False Positive Rate | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.06 |
| False Negative Rate | 0.32 | 0.38 | 0.53 | 0.33 |
| Positive Predictive Power | 0.43 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.74 |
| Negative Predictive Power | 0.95 | 0.91 | 0.88 | 0.92 |
| Sample | Grade 3 | Grade 4 | Grade 5 | Grade 6 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Date | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 | 2011 |
| Sample Size | 187 | 186 | 194 | 103 |
| Geographic Representation | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) | Pacific (OR) |
| Male | ||||
| Female | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Gender Unknown | 117.1% | 100.0% | 100.5% | 100.0% |
| White, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Black, Non-Hispanic | ||||
| Hispanic | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | ||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | ||||
| Other | ||||
| Race / Ethnicity Unknown | 117.1% | 100.0% | 100.5% | 100.0% |
| Low SES | ||||
| IEP or diagnosed disability | ||||
| English Language Learner |
Reliability
| Grade |
Grade 3
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Grade 4
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Grade 5
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Grade 6
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| Rating |
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Legend
Convincing evidencePartially convincing evidenceUnconvincing evidenceData unavailabledDisaggregated data available
- *Offer a justification for each type of reliability reported, given the type and purpose of the tool.
- Reliability refers to the relative stability with which a test measures the same skills across minor differences in conditions. Three types of reliability are reported in the table below, alternate form reliability, alpha, and inter-rater reliability. Alternate form reliability is the correlation between different measures of the same early literacy skills. The coefficient reported is the average correlation among three forms of the measure. Coefficient alpha is a measure of reliability that is widely used in education research and represents the proportion of true score to total variance. Alpha incorporates information about the average inter-test correlation as well as the number of tests. Inter-rater reliability indicates the extent to which results generalize across assessors. The inter-rater reliability estimates reported here are based on two independent assessors simultaneously scoring student performance during a single test administration (“shadow-scoring”). The two raters’ scores were then correlated.
- *Describe the sample(s), including size and characteristics, for each reliability analysis conducted.
- The data used for assessing reliability came from third through sixth grade. The total sample size is 674 students from 13 schools within 5 school districts. The sample was drawn from two census regions (Pacific and North Central Midwest).
- *Describe the analysis procedures for each reported type of reliability.
- Alternate form reliability is reported as the average correlation among three alternate forms of the same test. High alternate form reliability coefficients suggest that these multiple forms are measuring the same construct. Coefficient alpha treats each of the three tests as separate indicators and is calculated using the alternate form reliability, where the number of tests is equal to three. The inter-rater reliability estimates reported here are based on two independent assessors simultaneously scoring student performance during a single test administration (“shadow-scoring”). The inter-rater reliability coefficient is the correlation between these two independent assessors.
*In the table(s) below, report the results of the reliability analyses described above (e.g., internal consistency or inter-rater reliability coefficients).
| Type of | Subgroup | Informant | Age / Grade | Test or Criterion | n | Median Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound |
95% Confidence Interval Upper Bound |
|---|
- Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
- Manual cites other published reliability studies:
- Yes
- Provide citations for additional published studies.
- Dewey, E. N., Powell-Smith, K. A., Good, R. H., & Kaminski, R. A. (2015). DIBELS Next technical adequacy brief. Eugene: Dynamic Measurement Group.
- Do you have reliability data that are disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, or other subgroups (e.g., English language learners, students with disabilities)?
- No
If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated reliability data.
| Type of | Subgroup | Informant | Age / Grade | Test or Criterion | n | Median Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound |
95% Confidence Interval Upper Bound |
|---|
- Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
- Manual cites other published reliability studies:
- No
- Provide citations for additional published studies.
Validity
| Grade |
Grade 3
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Grade 4
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Grade 5
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Grade 6
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Legend
Convincing evidencePartially convincing evidenceUnconvincing evidenceData unavailabledDisaggregated data available
- *Describe each criterion measure used and explain why each measure is appropriate, given the type and purpose of the tool.
- The California Standards Test (CST) is a statewide achievement test produced for California public schools and was designed to assess the California content standards for English/language arts (ELA), mathematics, history–social science, and science in grades two through eleven. The Reading cluster of the ELA portion of the CST was chosen as the criterion. According to a technical report from ETS (2011), the CST items were developed and designed to conform to principles of item writing defined by ETS (ETS, 2002). In addition, the items selected underwent an extensive item review process designed to provide the best standards-based tests possible. The California Standards Test (CST) sets a minimum score of 350 for proficiency in reading, and scores below 350 show a lack of proficiency (with the exception noted above).
- *Describe the sample(s), including size and characteristics, for each validity analysis conducted.
- The data used for assessing validity came from third through sixth grade. The total sample size is 4,249 students from 14 schools. The sample was drawn from the Pacific census region.
- *Describe the analysis procedures for each reported type of validity.
- Predictive validity is the correlation between Oral Reading Fluency Words Correct at the beginning of the year and the CST score at the end of the school year. This coefficient represents the extent to which Oral Reading Fluency Words Correct can predict later reading outcomes. Concurrent validity is the correlation between the Oral Reading Fluency Words Correct score and the CST measure both at the end of the year. This coefficient represents the extent to which the Words Correct score is related to important reading outcomes.
*In the table below, report the results of the validity analyses described above (e.g., concurrent or predictive validity, evidence based on response processes, evidence based on internal structure, evidence based on relations to other variables, and/or evidence based on consequences of testing), and the criterion measures.
| Type of | Subgroup | Informant | Age / Grade | Test or Criterion | n | Median Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound |
95% Confidence Interval Upper Bound |
|---|
- Results from other forms of validity analysis not compatible with above table format:
- Manual cites other published reliability studies:
- Yes
- Provide citations for additional published studies.
- Dewey, E. N., Powell-Smith, K. A., Good, R. H., & Kaminski, R. A. (2015). DIBELS Next Technical Adequacy Brief. Eugene: Dynamic Measurement Group.
- Describe the degree to which the provided data support the validity of the tool.
- Both the concurrent and predictive correlation are generally high. These strong correlations suggest that the Acadience Oral Reading Fluency measure is assessing skills relevant to reading outcomes. Given the wide range of skills assessed on the GRADE, these data support the conclusion that the Oral Reading Fluency measure is an excellent indicator of reading proficiency. If you include, in your user’s manual, validity data that are disaggregated by diverse populations (e.g., race-ethnicity, ELL students), provide these data below.
- Do you have validity data that are disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, or other subgroups (e.g., English language learners, students with disabilities)?
- No
If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated validity data.
| Type of | Subgroup | Informant | Age / Grade | Test or Criterion | n | Median Coefficient | 95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound |
95% Confidence Interval Upper Bound |
|---|
- Results from other forms of validity analysis not compatible with above table format:
- Manual cites other published reliability studies:
- No
- Provide citations for additional published studies.
Bias Analysis
| Grade |
Grade 3
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Grade 4
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Grade 5
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Grade 6
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| Rating | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
- Have you conducted additional analyses related to the extent to which your tool is or is not biased against subgroups (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, students with disabilities, English language learners)? Examples might include Differential Item Functioning (DIF) or invariance testing in multiple-group confirmatory factor models.
- Yes
- If yes,
- a. Describe the method used to determine the presence or absence of bias:
- Bias was conceptualized as different classification accuracy between different groups. This was assessed using a Cleary model with the dichotomous outcome of status on the criterion, where the Oral Reading Fluency Words Correct score, subgroup, and the interaction between the two were used as predictors. If a model with the subgroup and interaction term do not add significantly to model fit, there was evidence that Oral Reading Fluency is not biased. Model fit was assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), and the likelihood ratio test (LRT). The effect size for bias was assessed using the difference in AUC for the ROC curves for the different groups. These models were tested for each grade, at each time of year.
- b. Describe the subgroups for which bias analyses were conducted:
- Bias was assessed across genders and among white and non-white students.
- c. Describe the results of the bias analyses conducted, including data and interpretative statements. Include magnitude of effect (if available) if bias has been identified.
- Of the 9 models examining bias across ethnicities the AIC and BIC favored a model without bias favored a model without bias all nine times, and the likelihood ratio test showed that adding ethnic group to the logistic regression did not significantly improve model fit. Of the 21 models examining bias across genders, the AIC favored a model without bias 17 times while the BIC favored a model without bias 20 times. Likewise, the likelihood ratio test favored a model with bias only once out of 21 models. The results show that the rate of preferring model with bias is near the global Type I error rate of .05, suggesting a lack of bias on the Oral Reading Fluency measure.
Data Collection Practices
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