easyCBM
Passage Reading Fluency

Summary

easyCBM is a web-based assessment system that includes both benchmarking and progress monitoring assessments combined with a comprehensive array of reports. The assessments in easyCBM are general outcome curriculum-based measures, or CBMs, which are standardized measures that sample from a year's worth of curriculum to assess the degree to which students have mastered the skills and knowledge deemed critical at each grade level. All easyCBM reading measures, in which the Passage Reading Fluency measure is included, have been developed with reference to the report of the National Reading Panel and developed using using Item Response Theory (IRT). In Grades 1–8, easyCBM provides three Passage Reading Fluency screening forms to be used locally for establishing benchmarks and 17 forms in Passage Reading Fluency to be used to monitor progress.

Where to Obtain:
Developer: Behavioral Research & Teaching (BRT), Dept. of Ed., Univ. of Oregon | Publisher: Riverside Assessments, LLC
District accounts: orders@riversideinsights.com | Individual classroom teacher use: support@easycbm.com
District accounts: Riverside Insights Customer Service, One Pierce Place, Suite 900W, Itasca, IL 60143 | Individual classroom teacher use: BRT, 175 Lokey Education, 5262 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
District accounts: 800.323.9540 | Individual classroom teacher use: 541.346.3535
District acounts: www.riversideinsights.com/solutions/easycbm | Individual classroom teacher use: easycbm.com
Initial Cost:
$5.10 per student
Replacement Cost:
$5.10 per student per year
Included in Cost:
easyCBM is available for districts through Riverside Insights on a per-student, annual subscription basis. That price includes use of all assessments and manuals. In Year 1, there are three training webinars; one is provided at no charge and two cost $225 each. easyCBM is also available in two different formats---Teacher Lite and Teacher Deluxe---directly through BRT at the University of Oregon for individual classroom teacher use. The Teacher Lite edition is free of charge. It includes a limited number of progress monitoring measures with no more than nine alternate forms of each measure offered. The Teacher Deluxe edition has an annual licensing fee of $39.99/year for one teacher account with up to 200 students. It grants teachers access to the full array of easyCBM measures and reports. All resources and trainings required for implementation are included with the annual subscription at no additional cost. This includes embedded trainings on test administration and interpretation of results, which are provided through the easycbm website.
All measures were developed following Universal Design for Assessment guidelines to reduce the need for accommodations. The system is designed to allow students to complete the assessments in multiple short testing sessions if needed. Districts are directed to use their established procedures for accommodations as needed.
Training Requirements:
Less than one hour of training. In year one, there are three training webinars; one is provided at no charge and two cost $225 each.
Qualified Administrators:
Administrators are expected to have basic student management skills and be familiar with using websites.
Access to Technical Support:
Help desk via email and phone
Assessment Format:
  • Individual
  • Other: For easyCBM Passage Reading Fluency, students read a passage aloud and teachers monitor/track their errors in the system.
Scoring Time:
  • Scoring is automatic OR
  • 1 minutes per student
Scores Generated:
  • Raw score
  • Percentile score
Administration Time:
  • 1 minutes per student
Scoring Method:
  • Manually (by hand)
  • Automatically (computer-scored)
Technology Requirements:
  • Computer or tablet
  • Internet connection

Tool Information

Descriptive Information

Please provide a description of your tool:
easyCBM is a web-based assessment system that includes both benchmarking and progress monitoring assessments combined with a comprehensive array of reports. The assessments in easyCBM are general outcome curriculum-based measures, or CBMs, which are standardized measures that sample from a year's worth of curriculum to assess the degree to which students have mastered the skills and knowledge deemed critical at each grade level. All easyCBM reading measures, in which the Passage Reading Fluency measure is included, have been developed with reference to the report of the National Reading Panel and developed using using Item Response Theory (IRT). In Grades 1–8, easyCBM provides three Passage Reading Fluency screening forms to be used locally for establishing benchmarks and 17 forms in Passage Reading Fluency to be used to monitor progress.
Is your tool designed to measure progress towards an end-of-year goal (e.g., oral reading fluency) or progress towards a short-term skill (e.g., letter naming fluency)?
selected
not selected
The tool is intended for use with the following grade(s).
not selected Preschool / Pre - kindergarten
not selected Kindergarten
selected First grade
selected Second grade
selected Third grade
selected Fourth grade
selected Fifth grade
selected Sixth grade
selected Seventh grade
selected Eighth grade
not selected Ninth grade
not selected Tenth grade
not selected Eleventh grade
not selected Twelfth grade

The tool is intended for use with the following age(s).
not selected 0-4 years old
not selected 5 years old
selected 6 years old
selected 7 years old
selected 8 years old
selected 9 years old
selected 10 years old
selected 11 years old
selected 12 years old
selected 13 years old
selected 14 years old
not selected 15 years old
not selected 16 years old
not selected 17 years old
not selected 18 years old

The tool is intended for use with the following student populations.
selected Students in general education
selected Students with disabilities
selected English language learners

ACADEMIC ONLY: What dimensions does the tool assess?

Reading
not selected Global Indicator of Reading Competence
not selected Listening Comprehension
not selected Vocabulary
not selected Phonemic Awareness
not selected Decoding
selected Passage Reading
not selected Word Identification
not selected Comprehension

Spelling & Written Expression
not selected Global Indicator of Spelling Competence
not selected Global Indicator of Writting Expression Competence

Mathematics
not selected Global Indicator of Mathematics Comprehension
not selected Early Numeracy
not selected Mathematics Concepts
not selected Mathematics Computation
not selected Mathematics Application
not selected Fractions
not selected Algebra

Other
Please describe specific domain, skills or subtests:


BEHAVIOR ONLY: Please identify which broad domain(s)/construct(s) are measured by your tool and define each sub-domain or sub-construct.
BEHAVIOR ONLY: Which category of behaviors does your tool target?

Acquisition and Cost Information

Where to obtain:
Email Address
District accounts: orders@riversideinsights.com | Individual classroom teacher use: support@easycbm.com
Address
District accounts: Riverside Insights Customer Service, One Pierce Place, Suite 900W, Itasca, IL 60143 | Individual classroom teacher use: BRT, 175 Lokey Education, 5262 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403
Phone Number
District accounts: 800.323.9540 | Individual classroom teacher use: 541.346.3535
Website
District acounts: www.riversideinsights.com/solutions/easycbm | Individual classroom teacher use: easycbm.com
Initial cost for implementing program:
Cost
$5.10
Unit of cost
student
Replacement cost per unit for subsequent use:
Cost
$5.10
Unit of cost
student
Duration of license
year
Additional cost information:
Describe basic pricing plan and structure of the tool. Provide information on what is included in the published tool, as well as what is not included but required for implementation.
easyCBM is available for districts through Riverside Insights on a per-student, annual subscription basis. That price includes use of all assessments and manuals. In Year 1, there are three training webinars; one is provided at no charge and two cost $225 each. easyCBM is also available in two different formats---Teacher Lite and Teacher Deluxe---directly through BRT at the University of Oregon for individual classroom teacher use. The Teacher Lite edition is free of charge. It includes a limited number of progress monitoring measures with no more than nine alternate forms of each measure offered. The Teacher Deluxe edition has an annual licensing fee of $39.99/year for one teacher account with up to 200 students. It grants teachers access to the full array of easyCBM measures and reports. All resources and trainings required for implementation are included with the annual subscription at no additional cost. This includes embedded trainings on test administration and interpretation of results, which are provided through the easycbm website.
Provide information about special accommodations for students with disabilities.
All measures were developed following Universal Design for Assessment guidelines to reduce the need for accommodations. The system is designed to allow students to complete the assessments in multiple short testing sessions if needed. Districts are directed to use their established procedures for accommodations as needed.

Administration

BEHAVIOR ONLY: What type of administrator is your tool designed for?
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
If other, please specify:

BEHAVIOR ONLY: What is the administration format?
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
If other, please specify:

BEHAVIOR ONLY: What is the administration setting?
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
If other, please specify:

Does the program require technology?

If yes, what technology is required to implement your program? (Select all that apply)
selected
selected
not selected

If your program requires additional technology not listed above, please describe the required technology and the extent to which it is combined with teacher small-group instruction/intervention:

What is the administration context?
selected
not selected    If small group, n=
not selected    If large group, n=
not selected
selected
If other, please specify:
For easyCBM Passage Reading Fluency, students read a passage aloud and teachers monitor/track their errors in the system.

What is the administration time?
Time in minutes
1
per (student/group/other unit)
student

Additional scoring time:
Time in minutes
1
per (student/group/other unit)
student

How many alternate forms are available, if applicable?
Number of alternate forms
17
per (grade/level/unit)
grade

ACADEMIC ONLY: What are the discontinue rules?
selected
not selected
not selected
not selected
If other, please specify:

BEHAVIOR ONLY: Can multiple students be rated concurrently by one administrator?
If yes, how many students can be rated concurrently?

Training & Scoring

Training

Is training for the administrator required?
Yes
Describe the time required for administrator training, if applicable:
Less than one hour of training. In year one, there are three training webinars; one is provided at no charge and two cost $225 each.
Please describe the minimum qualifications an administrator must possess.
Administrators are expected to have basic student management skills and be familiar with using websites.
not selected No minimum qualifications
Are training manuals and materials available?
Yes
Are training manuals/materials field-tested?
Yes
Are training manuals/materials included in cost of tools?
Yes
If No, please describe training costs:
Can users obtain ongoing professional and technical support?
Yes
If Yes, please describe how users can obtain support:
Help desk via email and phone

Scoring

BEHAVIOR ONLY: What types of scores result from the administration of the assessment?
Score
Observation Behavior Rating
not selected Frequency
not selected Duration
not selected Interval
not selected Latency
not selected Raw score
Conversion
Observation Behavior Rating
not selected Rate
not selected Percent
not selected Standard score
not selected Subscale/ Subtest
not selected Composite
not selected Stanine
not selected Percentile ranks
not selected Normal curve equivalents
not selected IRT based scores
Interpretation
Observation Behavior Rating
not selected Error analysis
not selected Peer comparison
not selected Rate of change
not selected Dev. benchmarks
not selected Age-Grade equivalent
How are scores calculated?
selected Manually (by hand)
selected Automatically (computer-scored)
not selected Other
If other, please specify:

Do you provide basis for calculating performance level scores?
Yes

What is the basis for calculating performance level and percentile scores?
not selected Age norms
selected Grade norms
not selected Classwide norms
not selected Schoolwide norms
not selected Stanines
not selected Normal curve equivalents

What types of performance level scores are available?
selected Raw score
not selected Standard score
selected Percentile score
not selected Grade equivalents
not selected IRT-based score
not selected Age equivalents
not selected Stanines
not selected Normal curve equivalents
not selected Developmental benchmarks
not selected Developmental cut points
not selected Equated
not selected Probability
not selected Lexile score
not selected Error analysis
not selected Composite scores
not selected Subscale/subtest scores
not selected Other
If other, please specify:

Please describe the scoring structure. Provide relevant details such as the scoring format, the number of items overall, the number of items per subscale, what the cluster/composite score comprises, and how raw scores are calculated.
Each subtest has its own score; these individual scores are not converted to a total composite score. The subtest total score is simply the total of all items correct. Raw scores are simply the total correct. Because the Passage Reading Fluency measure is a timed, fluency-based measure, the score is expressed as rate correct per minute.
Do you provide basis for calculating slope (e.g., amount of improvement per unit in time)?
Yes
ACADEMIC ONLY: Do you provide benchmarks for the slopes?
No
ACADEMIC ONLY: Do you provide percentile ranks for the slopes?
No
What is the basis for calculating slope and percentile scores?
not selected Age norms
selected Grade norms
not selected Classwide norms
not selected Schoolwide norms
not selected Stanines
not selected Normal curve equivalents

Describe the tool’s approach to progress monitoring, behavior samples, test format, and/or scoring practices, including steps taken to ensure that it is appropriate for use with culturally and linguistically diverse populations and students with disabilities.
The authors have approached progress monitoring from two perspectives with respect to (a) goal level sampling from nationally framed standards and (b) scaling. Test format focuses on principles of universal design with individually administered tasks. Scoring practices emphasize objectivity with diagnostic information for teachers and immediate feedback for students. The authors used the report of the National Reading Panel (NRP) to develop a full complement of tasks across the grade levels. easyCBM reading measures include phonemic awareness (letter names, letter sounds, and phoneme segmentation), phonics (word reading fluency), fluency (passage fluency), vocabulary (word meaning synonyms), and comprehension (multiple-choice narrative stories that have associated questions addressing literal, inferential, and evaluative understanding). From a scaling perspective, the authors designed alternate forms for Passage Reading Fluency so they are comparable using classical test theory, as no discrete items were available for Rasch modeling Item Response Theory (IRT). Original narrative stories were written and Flesh Kinkaid estimates of ability were calculated for each paragraph; where readability exceeded beyond a half grade level for that grade, words were exchanged from the word list (which had measure estimates for each word) by inserting more difficult words (for passages deemed too easy) or less difficult (for passages deemed too difficult). See the Technical Manual: easyCBM detailing this process (attached).

Rates of Improvement and End of Year Benchmarks

Is minimum acceptable growth (slope of improvement or average weekly increase in score by grade level) specified in your manual or published materials?
No
If yes, specify the growth standards:
Are benchmarks for minimum acceptable end-of-year performance specified in your manual or published materials?
Yes
If yes, specify the end-of-year performance standards:
Spring norms based on representative national sample. See easyCBM Norms, 2014 Edition (attached).
What is the basis for specifying minimum acceptable growth and end of year benchmarks?
selected
not selected
not selected Other
If other, please specify:
False

If norm-referenced, describe the normative profile.

National representation (check all that apply):
Northeast:
selected New England
selected Middle Atlantic
Midwest:
selected East North Central
selected West North Central
South:
selected South Atlantic
selected East South Central
selected West South Central
West:
selected Mountain
selected Pacific

Local representation (please describe, including number of states)
Date
2012-2013
Size
2000 per grade
Gender (Percent)
Male
50%
Female
50%
Unknown
SES indicators (Percent)
Eligible for free or reduced-price lunch
Other SES Indicators
Race/Ethnicity (Percent)
White, Non-Hispanic
50%
Black, Non-Hispanic
Hispanic
American Indian/Alaska Native
Asian/Pacific Islander
Other
Unknown
Disability classification (Please describe)


First language (Please describe)


Language proficiency status (Please describe)
Do you provide, in your user’s manual, norms which are disaggregated by race or ethnicity? If so, for which race/ethnicity?
selected White, Non-Hispanic
not selected Black, Non-Hispanic
not selected Hispanic
not selected American Indian/Alaska Native
not selected Asian/Pacific Islander
selected Other
not selected Unknown

If criterion-referenced, describe procedure for specifying criterion for adequate growth and benchmarks for end-of-year performance levels.
N/A

Describe any other procedures for specifying adequate growth and minimum acceptable end of year performance.
Note: The authors also developed a set of norms using a stratified random sample of students by gender and ethnicity-race (white female, white male, non-white female, non-white male). Race and ethnicity were aggregated, as the count of students with complete data for both categories was insufficient for disaggregation. In this process, Hispanic students were counted as “non-white” even when lacking a race designation other than “white.”

Performance Level

Reliability

Grade Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Grade 6
Grade 7
Grade 8
Rating Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
*Offer a justification for each type of reliability reported, given the type and purpose of the tool.
Three studies were conducted to provide technical evidence to support the use of this measure as part of RTI programs. The authors evaluated slope reliability because of the importance of having a reliable estimate of growth for measures being used to measure student learning across the year. They evaluated test-retest reliability to analyze the stability of the scores when administered over a short timeframe. They evaluated alternate form reliability because of the importance of having forms of comparable difficulty when using measures to screen students at different time points in the school year. They conducted a G-Theory study and a D-Study to gather additional evidence of comparability of forms and a D-Study to provide information about the number of forms required to arrive at a reliable estimate of student knowledge/skill (results indicated that a single form provides a sufficiently reliable estimate). See the below Technical Reports for further information (available from the Center upon request): Alonzo, J., Lai, C. F., Anderson, D., Park, B. J., & Tindal, G. (2012). An examination of test retest, alternate form reliability, and generalizability theory study of the easyCBM reading assessments: Grade 4 (technical report 1219). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2009). Alternate form and test-retest reliability of easyCBM reading measures (technical report 0906). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. . Anderson, D., Lai, C. F., Park, B. J., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2012). An examination of test retest, alternate form reliability, and generalizability theory study of the easyCBM reading assessments: Grade 2 (technical report 1217). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Anderson, D., Park, B. J., Lai, C., F., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2012). An examination of test retest, alternate form reliability, and generalizability theory study of the easyCBM reading assessments: Grade 1 (technical report 1216). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Lai, C. F., Park, B. J., Anderson, D., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2012). An examination of test retest, alternate form reliability, and generalizability theory study of the easyCBM reading assessments: Grade 5 (technical report 1220). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Park, B. J., Anderson, D., Alonzo, J., Lai, C. F., & Tindal, G. (2012). An examination of test retest, alternate form reliability, and generalizability theory study of the easyCBM reading assessments: Grade 3 (technical report 1218). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Patarapichayatham, C., Anderson, D., Irvin, P.S., Kamata, A., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2011). easyCBM® Slope Reliability: Letter Names, Word Reading Fluency, and Passage Reading Fluency (technical report 1111). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon.
*Describe the sample(s), including size and characteristics, for each reliability analysis conducted.
Slope Reliability - database of users with student scores from 2010-2011 school year for students with at least 3 observed scores. See table for specific sample sizes for each analysis. Test-retest Reliability - Students in mid-sized school district in Pacific Northwest in spring 2011; For Grade 8, students in a mid-sized K-8 school in the Pacific Northwest in 2009. See table for specific sample sizes for each analysis. Alternate Forms Reliability - Students i mid-sized school district in Pacific Northwest in spring 2011; For Grade 8, students in a mid-sized K-8 school in the Pacific Northwest in 2009. See table for specific sample sizes for each analysis. Generalizability - Students in mid-sized school district in Pacific Northwest in spring 2011. See table for specific sample sizes for each analysis.
*Describe the analysis procedures for each reported type of reliability.
Slope Reliability - This study aimed to estimate the reliability of the slope for three easyCBM measures, Under a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, a growth model with two parallel growth processes was used. Essentially, two linear growth models were simultaneously modeled. The two parallel growth processes were established by splitting the available time segments into two groups. One group of time segments was used to form one linear growth process, and another group of time segments was used to form another linear growth process. For each linear growth process, the individual slopes of growth were estimated as factor scores of the latent slope factor. Then, the correlation between individual slopes from the two parallel growth processes was computed as an estimate of the reliability of the growth slope. The Spearman-Brown formula was then used to correct the correlation coefficient because each process had only half the available time represented. Test-retest Reliability and Alternate Form Reliability- The authors used bivariate correlations to calculate the test-retest and alternate form reliability of the measure included in this study. Generalizability - For the generalizability theory (G-Study), the authors calculated the variances associated persons and two facets: forms and occasions. They then conduced decision studies (D-Studies) to help determine the necessary conditions for reliable measurement.

*In the table(s) below, report the results of the reliability analyses described above (e.g., model-based evidence, internal consistency or inter-rater reliability coefficients). Include detail about the type of reliability data, statistic generated, and sample size and demographic information.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
Additional reliability data is available from the Center upon request.
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
Yes
Provide citations for additional published studies.
For Grades 1, 3 and 5 test-retest and alternate forms reliabilities: Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2009). Alternate form and test-retest reliability of easyCBM reading measures (technical report 0906). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. .
Do you have reliability data that are disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, or other subgroups (e.g., English language learners, students with disabilities)?
No

If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated reliability data.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
No
Provide citations for additional published studies.

Validity

Grade Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Grade 6
Grade 7
Grade 8
Rating Partially convincing evidence Partially convincing evidence Convincing evidence d Convincing evidence d Convincing evidence d Partially convincing evidence d Partially convincing evidence d Partially convincing evidence d
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
*Describe each criterion measure used and explain why each measure is appropriate, given the type and purpose of the tool.
The reading portion of the Washington state summative test was used for all criterion-related validity evidence. Washington is part of the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, and the corresponding state test was used.
*Describe the sample(s), including size and characteristics, for each validity analysis conducted.
The sample size for each grade is listed in the tables in item #4 below. Across grades, approximately 40–48% of students were male (7–21% missing data); 8–10% of students received special education services; 23–31% received free or reduced price lunch; and 6–10% received English language services.
*Describe the analysis procedures for each reported type of validity.
Scores from each measure were correlated with their corresponding Smarter Balanced Assessment scores. See pages 30-31 in article, "The Relation between easyCBM and Smarter Balanced Reading and Mathematics Assessments," (available from the Center upon request) for plots of the relation.

*In the table below, report the results of the validity analyses described above (e.g., concurrent or predictive validity, evidence based on response processes, evidence based on internal structure, evidence based on relations to other variables, and/or evidence based on consequences of testing), and the criterion measures.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of validity analysis not compatible with above table format:
Additional validity data (CFI/TLI and RMSEA evidence) are available from the Center upon request.
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
Yes
Provide citations for additional published studies.
Tindal, G., Nese, J. F., & Alonzo, J. (2009). Criterion-related evidence using easyCBM® reading measures and student demographics to predict state test performance in grades 3-8 (technical report 0910). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Jamgochian, E. M., Park, B. J., Nese, J. F. T., Lai, C. F., Sáez, L., Anderson, D., et al. (2010). Technical adequacy of the easyCBM grade 2 reading measures (technical report 1004). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Sáez, L., Park, B. J., Nese, J. F. T., Jamgochian, E. M., Lai, C. F., Anderson, D., et al. (2010).Technical adequacy of the easyCBM reading measures (Grades 3-7), 2009-2010 version (technical report 1005). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Park, B. J., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2011). The development and technical adequacy of seventh-grade reading comprehension measures in a progress monitoring assessment system (Technical Report No. 1102). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Lai, C. F., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2013). easyCBM reading criterion related validity evidence: Grades 2-5 (technical report 1310). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Alonzo, J., Liu, K., & Tindal, G. (2007a). Examining the Technical Adequacy of Reading Comprehension Measures in a Progress Monitoring Assessment System (Technical Report # 41). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching.
Describe the degree to which the provided data support the validity of the tool.
Across grades the concurrent and predictive validity evidence is strong, ranging from 0.54 to 0.68. These values correspond to the easyCBM measures accounting for approximately 29-46% of the total variance in the statewide assessment.
Do you have validity data that are disaggregated by gender, race/ethnicity, or other subgroups (e.g., English language learners, students with disabilities)?
Yes

If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated validity data.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of validity analysis not compatible with above table format:
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
Yes
Provide citations for additional published studies.
Jamgochian, E. M., Park, B. J., Nese, J. F. T., Lai, C. F., Sáez, L., Anderson, D., et al. (2010). Technical adequacy of the easyCBM grade 2 reading measures (technical report 1004). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Sáez, L., Park, B. J., Nese, J. F. T., Jamgochian, E. M., Lai, C. F., Anderson, D., et al. (2010).Technical adequacy of the easyCBM reading measures (Grades 3-7), 2009-2010 version (technical report 1005). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon. Lai, C. F., Alonzo, J., & Tindal, G. (2013). easyCBM reading criterion related validity evidence: Grades 2-5 (technical report 1310). Eugene, OR: Behavioral Research and Teaching, University of Oregon.

Bias Analysis

Grade Grade 1
Grade 2
Grade 3
Grade 4
Grade 5
Grade 6
Grade 7
Grade 8
Rating No No No No No No No No
Have you conducted additional analyses related to the extent to which your tool is or is not biased against subgroups (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, students with disabilities, English language learners)? Examples might include Differential Item Functioning (DIF) or invariance testing in multiple-group confirmatory factor models.
No
If yes,
a. Describe the method used to determine the presence or absence of bias:
b. Describe the subgroups for which bias analyses were conducted:
c. Describe the results of the bias analyses conducted, including data and interpretative statements. Include magnitude of effect (if available) if bias has been identified.

Growth Standards

Sensitivity: Reliability of Slope

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Rating Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
Describe the sample, including size and characteristics. Please provide documentation showing that the sample was composed of students in need of intensive intervention. A sample of students with intensive needs should satisfy one of the following criteria: (1) all students scored below the 30th percentile on a local or national norm, or the sample mean on a local or national test fell below the 25th percentile; (2) students had an IEP with goals consistent with the construct measured by the tool; or (3) students were non-responsive to Tier 2 instruction. Evidence based on an unknown sample, or a sample that does not meet these specifications, may not be considered.
Describe the frequency of measurement (for each student in the sample, report how often data were collected and over what span of time).
Describe the analysis procedures.

In the table below, report reliability of the slope (e.g., ratio of true slope variance to total slope variance) by grade level (if relevant).

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
See attached tables.
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
Yes
Provide citations for additional published studies.
Do you have reliability of the slope data that is disaggregated by subgroups (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, students with disabilities, English language learners)?
Yes

If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated reliability of the slope data.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
Manual cites other published reliability studies:
Provide citations for additional published studies.

Sensitivity: Validity of Slope

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Rating Data unavailable Data unavailable Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d Unconvincing evidence d
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
Describe each criterion measure used and explain why each measure is appropriate, given the type and purpose of the tool.
The reading portion of the Washington summative state test was used for all criterion-related validity evidence. Washington is part of the Smarter Balanced Assessment Consortium, and the corresponding state test was used.
Describe the sample(s), including size and characteristics. Please provide documentation showing that the sample was composed of students in need of intensive intervention. A sample of students with intensive needs should satisfy one of the following criteria: (1) all students scored below the 30th percentile on a local or national norm, or the sample mean on a local or national test fell below the 25th percentile; (2) students had an IEP with goals consistent with the construct measured by the tool; or (3) students were non-responsive to Tier 2 instruction. Evidence based on an unknown sample, or a sample that does not meet these specifications, may not be considered.
The sample size for each grade is described in the table in item #4 below. Across grades, approximately 40–48% of students were male (7–21% missing data), 8–10% of students received special education services, 23–31% received free or reduced price lunch, and 6–10% received English language services.
Describe the frequency of measurement (for each student in the sample, report how often data were collected and over what span of time).
Assessments were collected during the fall, winter, and spring of the academic school year.
Describe the analysis procedures for each reported type of validity.
Students were separated into quartiles based on their fall achievement. Separate growth models were then fit for each quartile in each grade, using a two-level multilevel model (measurements nested in students). Students’ slopes during the school year were then correlated with their statewide assessment scores.

In the table below, report predictive validity of the slope (correlation between the slope and achievement outcome) by grade level (if relevant).
NOTE: The TRC suggests controlling for initial level when the correlation for slope without such control is not adequate.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
Manual cites other published validity studies:
No
Provide citations for additional published studies.
Describe the degree to which the provided data support the validity of the tool.
Typically, measures of growth correlate far less strongly with criterion measures than do measures of status. When comparing growth estimates within quartiles, and thus to students with similar initial achievement, the correlations were moderate, providing good evidence for the validity of the slope for informing instructional decisions.
Do you have validity of the slope data that is disaggregated by subgroups (e.g., race/ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status, students with disabilities, English language learners)?
Yes

If yes, fill in data for each subgroup with disaggregated validity of the slope data.

Type of Subscale Subgroup Informant Age / Grade Test or Criterion n
(sample/
examinees)
n
(raters)
Median Coefficient 95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bound
95% Confidence Interval
Upper Bound
Results from other forms of reliability analysis not compatible with above table format:
Manual cites other published validity studies:
No
Provide citations for additional published studies.

Alternate Forms

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Rating Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
Describe the sample for these analyses, including size and characteristics:
What is the number of alternate forms of equal and controlled difficulty?
If IRT based, provide evidence of item or ability invariance
If computer administered, how many items are in the item bank for each grade level?
If your tool is computer administered, please note how the test forms are derived instead of providing alternate forms:

Decision Rules: Setting & Revising Goals

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Rating Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
In your manual or published materials, do you specify validated decision rules for how to set and revise goals?
No
If yes, specify the decision rules:
What is the evidentiary basis for these decision rules?
NOTE: The TRC expects evidence for this standard to include an empirical study that compares a treatment group to a control and evaluates whether student outcomes increase when decision rules are in place.

Decision Rules: Changing Instruction

Grade Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
Rating Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable Data unavailable
Legend
Full BubbleConvincing evidence
Half BubblePartially convincing evidence
Empty BubbleUnconvincing evidence
Null BubbleData unavailable
dDisaggregated data available
In your manual or published materials, do you specify validated decision rules for when changes to instruction need to be made?
No
If yes, specify the decision rules:
What is the evidentiary basis for these decision rules?
NOTE: The TRC expects evidence for this standard to include an empirical study that compares a treatment group to a control and evaluates whether student outcomes increase when decision rules are in place.

Data Collection Practices

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