Cover Copy Compare

Study: Becker, McLaughlin, Weber, & Gower (2009)

Becker, A., McLaughlin, T., Weber, K. P., & Gower, J. (2009). The effects of copy, cover and compare with and without additional error drill on multiplication fact fluency and accuracy. Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology, 7, 747-760.

Descriptive Information	Usage	Acquisition and Cost	Program Specifications and Requirements	Training
Cover Copy Compare is a general strategy for building fluency with math facts or other math skills (e.g., numeral identification). When applying this strategy to math, a student (a) looks at a correctly-answered problem, (b) covers the problems with a card or bookmark, (c) copies the entire problem, and (d) uncovers the original problem and compares the written work to the original. A typical Cover Copy Compare worksheet involves 8-10 problems that are related (e.g., all division facts with 7 as the divisor). Students work individually on Cover Copy Compare, so teachers can use the practice in whole-class, small-group, or individual settings. Cover Copy Compare worksheets can be created by any teachers for any math skill that requires building fluency. There is no formal program to purchase. Some versions of the Copy Cover Compare method recommend that the student (a) copy a correctly-answered problem, (b) cover both, (c) write the problem from memory, and (d) compare the version from memory to the other two problems.	Cover Copy Compare is intended for use in grades K-12. It is designed for use with any student at risk of academic failure. The academic area of focus is math, with particular emphasis on computation, whole number arithmetic, fractions, and numbers and decimals (rational number). Many research and practitioner articles have been published that discuss using Cover Copy Compare (or Copy Cover Compare) to increase math fluency. For early research on Cover Copy Compare, see Skinner, Turco, Beatty, and Rasavage (1989).	Cover Copy Compare is a non-commercial intervention and, therefore, does not have a formal pricing plan.	Copy Cover Compare is designed for students working individually, though instructors may engage small or large groups in the activity. Copy Cover Compare is administered for 5-10 minutes per session. 5 sessions are recommended per week until fluency is established. No technology is required.	A school staff person at any level can provide instruction on Cover Copy Compare. For implementation, instructors must be familiar with the Cover Copy Compare procedure and teach the procedure to students. The program does not assume that the instructor has expertise in a given area.

Cover Copy Compare is a general strategy for building fluency with math facts or other math skills (e.g., numeral identification). When applying this strategy to math, a student (a) looks at a correctly-answered problem, (b) covers the problems with a card or bookmark, (c) copies the entire problem, and (d) uncovers the original problem and compares the written work to the original.

A typical Cover Copy Compare worksheet involves 8-10 problems that are related (e.g., all division facts with 7 as the divisor). Students work individually on Cover Copy Compare, so teachers can use the practice in whole-class, small-group, or individual settings. Cover Copy Compare worksheets can be created by any teachers for any math skill that requires building fluency. There is no formal program to purchase. Some versions of the Copy Cover Compare method recommend that the student (a) copy a correctly-answered problem, (b) cover both, (c) write the problem from memory, and (d) compare the version from memory to the other two problems.

Cover Copy Compare is intended for use in grades K-12. It is designed for use with any student at risk of academic failure. The academic area of focus is math, with particular emphasis on computation, whole number arithmetic, fractions, and numbers and decimals (rational number).

Many research and practitioner articles have been published that discuss using Cover Copy Compare (or Copy Cover Compare) to increase math fluency. For early research on Cover Copy Compare, see Skinner, Turco, Beatty, and Rasavage (1989).

Cover Copy Compare is a non-commercial intervention and, therefore, does not have a formal pricing plan.

Copy Cover Compare is designed for students working individually, though instructors may engage small or large groups in the activity.

Copy Cover Compare is administered for 5-10 minutes per session. 5 sessions are recommended per week until fluency is established.

No technology is required.

A school staff person at any level can provide instruction on Cover Copy Compare. For implementation, instructors must be familiar with the Cover Copy Compare procedure and teach the procedure to students. The program does not assume that the instructor has expertise in a given area.

Participants:

Risk Status: The teacher working with the selected student (n=1) reported that the student was having difficulty with basic facts in multiplication. The student was performing over 1.0 years below grade level in math according to the Woodcock Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery.

Demographics:

	Age / Grade	Gender	Race-ethnicity	Socioeconomic Status	Disability Status	ELL Status	Other Relevant Descriptive Characteristics
Case 1:	4th grade	F	Not reported	Not reported	Received special education services in the areas of math and reading	Not reported

Training of Instructors: The first author (Becker) conducted the study. The first author was a student teacher in the student's classroom.

Design:

Does the study include three data points or sufficient number to document a stable performance within that phase? No

Is there opportunity for at least three demonstrations of experimental control? No

If the study is an alternating treatment design, are there five repetitions of the alternating sequence? No

If the study is a multiple baseline, is it concurrent? Not applicable

Fidelity of Implementation:

Describe when and how fidelity of treatment information was obtained: Not reported.

Provide documentation (i.e., in terms of numbers) of fidelity of treatment implementation: Not reported.

Measures Targeted:

Measures Broader:

Targeted Measure	Reliability Statistics	Relevance to Program Focus	Exposure to Related Content Among Control Group
Multiplication Facts	Inter-rater reliability of scoring was 100%.	Proximal	N/A

Broader Measure	Reliability Statistics	Relevance to Program Focus	Exposure to Related Content Among Control Group
N/A

Number of Outcome Measures: 1 Math

Mean ES - Targeted: N/A

Mean ES - Broader: N/A

Effect Size:

Visual Analysis (Single Subject Design):

Description of the method of analyses used to determine whether the intervention condition improved relative to baseline phase (e.g. visual analysis, computation of change score, mean difference): Repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted for digits correct and errors. There was a significant difference by treatment for digits correct (F = 17.951, p = 0.01) and errors (F = 17.951, p = 0.01). Follow-up Scheffe tests indicated significant differences between baseline and Copy Cover Compare plus error drill (F = 14.611, p = 0.05) and between Copy Cover Compare with and without error drill (F = 12.208, p = 0.05).

Results in terms of within and between phase patterns: At baseline, correct digits averaged 34; average error rate was 56. During Copy Cover Compare phase, correct digits averaged 54.5; average error rate was 35.6. During Copy Cover Compare plus error drill phase, correct digits averaged 83.4; average error rate was 6.6

Disaggregated Data for Demographic Subgroups: No

Disaggregated Data for <20th Percentile: No

Administration Group Size: Individual, Small Group

Duration of Intervention: 2-10 minutes, 3-5 times a week, 1-2 weeks

Minimum Interventionist Requirements: School staff, Familiarity with Cover Copy Compare strategy

Reviewed by WWC or E-ESSA: No

What Works Clearinghouse Review

This program was not reviewed by What Works Clearinghouse.

Evidence for ESSA

This program was not reviewed by Evidence for ESSA.

Other Research: Potentially Eligible for NCII Review: 6 studies

Codding, R. S., Chan-lannetta, L., Palmer, M., & Lukito, G. (2009). Examining a Class-Wide Application of Cover-Copy-Compare with and without Goal Setting to Enhance Mathematics Fluency. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 173-185. doi:10.1037/a0017192

Codding, R. S., Shiyko, M., Russo, M., Birch, S., Fanning, E., & Jaspen, D. (2007). Comparing Mathematics Interventions: Does Initial Level of Fluency Predict Intervention Effectiveness? Journal of School Psychology, 45, 603-617. doi:10.1016.j.jsp.06.005

Mong, M. D., & Mong, K. W. (2010). The Efficacy of Two Mathematics Interventions for Enhancing Fluency with Elementary Students. Journal of Behavioral Education, 19, 273-288. doi:10.1007/s10864-010-9114-5

Parkhurst, J., Skinner, C. H., Yaw, J., Poncy, B., Adcock, W., & Luna, E. (2010). Efficient Class-Wide Remediation: Using Technology to Identify Idiosyncratic Math Facts for Additional Automaticity Drills. International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Training, 6(2), 111-123.

Poncy, B. C., McCallum, E., & Schmitt, A. J. (2010). A Comparison of Behavioral and Constructivist Interventions for Increasing Math-Fact Fluency in a Second-Grade Classroom. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 917-930. doi:10/1002/pits.20514

Poncy, B. S., Skinner, C. H., & McCallum, E. (2012). A Comparison of Class-Wide Taped Problem and Cover, Copy, and Compare for Enhancing Mathematics Fluency. Psychology in the Schools, 49, 744-755. doi:10/1002/pits.21631